034 035 Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle where you can never precisely know the position and the momentum of a particle at the same time. Enter String Theory This theory works by tweaking the concept of the point particle. Point particles are merely an approximation and if you zoomed in, they would all be made up of a very small string. These strings can be open or closed in a loop. These strings have tension (similar to a rubber band) and vibrate. These strings can vibrate in different modes or frequencies giving them the properties of different particles. This theory is special because different vibrations or modes act like photons, while other modes can act like a graviton. This image is a visual representation of the strings hypothesised in string theory. You can see that this string can be either closed or open and they can vibrate in different modes. String theory is so useful because it removes all the infinities that the integration of the graviton in the standard model creates. So how does this occur? When describing the paths and interactions of point particles in the standard, all interactions are instantaneous. This is because these particles travel as a line due to their dimensionless nature. However, in string theory, particles can now move as a surface. This means that when particle interactions occur, they can gradually join together rather than instantaneously collision. This removes all the infinities calculated with the graviton when it was integrated within the standard model. Here is an image comparing a particle interaction in the standard model compared to string theory. Notice how in the right side, the interaction is smoothed out while in the left it is instantaneous. So surely everything is solved now, right? Gravity is now unified with the other forces, and we now have an elegant framework that explains the universe. Sadly, this is not the truth. Despite the maths working out in string theory, there are quite a few caveats. In the universe, we have 3 spatial dimension and 1 temporal dimensions. However, for string theory to work, 10 dimensions are required. This makes the theory extremely hard to work with as you would either have to create an extra 6 dimensions in our universe or try to get rid of those 6 other dimensions in string theory. The second problem, the big one, is that there is no experimental evidence to back up string theory. However, not all hope is lost. String theory is still a heavily researched theory or science, and possible changes could make it viable for our universe once again. Furthermore, while there is no experimental proof, the maths of string theory itself is still correct and perhaps this maths could be used to model other theories. For example, imagine trying to build a cruise ship using a blueprint for a rowing boat. Both are extremely different, the engine, the materials, the scale, but they are both fundamentally the same and string theory can be a helpful tool to create different models. To conclude, there are multiple problems with string theory. However, it is an elegant framework in physics that is still underdevelopment today and is extremely useful in understanding other physical theories of the universe. Sources Kurgesagt - String theory explained https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Da-2h2B4faU&t=318s ScienceClic English - String theory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7cOlBxtKSo University of Cambridge - String theory https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/string/string.pdf Enter String Theory This theory works by tweaking the concept of the point particle. Point particles are m rely an a proximatio if you zoomed in, they would all be made up of a very small string. These strings can be o r l i a l p. hese strings have tension (similar to a ru ber ba ) t . These strings can vibrate in diKer nt modes or frequencies giv ng them the properties of diKerent particles. This t eory is special because diK rent vibrations or m , ile ot er modes can act like a r viton. This image is a visual representation of the strings hypothesised in string theory. You can see that this string can be either closed or open and they can vibrate in diKerent modes. String theory is so useful because it removes all the infinities that the integration of the graviton in the standard model creates. So how does this occur? When describing the paths and interactions of point particles in the standard, all interactions are instantaneous. This is because these particles travel as a line due to their dimensionless nature. However, in string theory, particles can now move as a surface. This means that when particle interactions oc ur, they can gradually join together rather tha instanta eo sly c llision. Thi emoves all the infinities calculated with the graviton when it was integrat d within the tandard model. Here is an image comparing a particle interaction in the standard model compared to string theory. Notice how in the right side, the interaction is smoothed out while in the left it is instantaneous. Enter String Theory This theory works by tweaking the concept of the point particl . Point particles are merely an approximation and if you zo med in, they would all be made up of a very small string. These strings can be open or closed in a loop. These strings have tension (similar to a rubber band) and vibrate. These strings can vibrate in diKerent modes or frequencies giving the the properties of diKerent particles. This theory is special because diKerent vibrations or modes act like photons, while other modes can act like a graviton. This image is a visual representation of the strings hypothesised in string theory. You can see th t this string can be either clos d or open and they can vibrate in diKerent modes. String theory is so useful because it removes all the infinities that the integration of the gravito i he standard model creates. So how does this occur? When describing the paths and interactions of point part cles in the standard, all interactions are instan eous. This is because these particles travel as a line due to their dimensionless nature. Howeve , in string theory, particles can now move as a surface. This means that when particle interactions occur, they can gradually join together rather than instantaneously collision. This removes all the infinities calculated with the graviton when it was integrated within the standard model. Here is an image comparing a particle interaction in the standard model compared to string theory. Notice how in the right side, the interaction is smoothed out while in the left it is instantaneous.
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